Peptic ulcer

Peptic Ulcer

A peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. Peptic ulcers are classified into two main types: gastric ulcers, which occur on the inside of the stomach, and duodenal ulcers, which occur on the inside of the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenum).

Causes

Peptic ulcers occur when the acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed. The digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that normally protects against acid, but if the amount of acid is increased or the amount of mucus is decreased, an ulcer can develop.

Helicobacter pylori

The most common cause of peptic ulcers is an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium can cause inflammation of the stomach lining, leading to the development of ulcers.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Long-term use of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and aspirin, can also lead to the development of peptic ulcers. These medications can irritate or inflame the lining of the stomach and small intestine.

Other Factors

Other factors that can contribute to the development of peptic ulcers include:

• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Smoking
• Stress
• Spicy foods

Symptoms

The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is a burning stomach pain. The pain can:

• Be felt anywhere from the navel up to the breastbone
• Be worse when the stomach is empty
• Flare at night
• Often be temporarily relieved by eating certain foods that buffer stomach acid or by taking an acid-reducing medication

Other signs and symptoms may include:

• Bloating
• Burping
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss

Diagnosis

To diagnose a peptic ulcer, a doctor may:

• Review the patient's medical history and symptoms
• Perform a physical examination
• Order tests such as:

 * Endoscopy
 * Barium swallow
 * Tests for H. pylori

Treatment

Treatment for peptic ulcers depends on the cause. Treatment options may include:

Medications

• Antibiotics to kill H. pylori
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid
• H2-receptor antagonists to reduce acid production
• Antacids to neutralize stomach acid
• Cytoprotective agents to protect the lining of the stomach and small intestine

Lifestyle Changes

• Avoiding NSAIDs
• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Quitting smoking
• Managing stress

Complications

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can lead to serious complications, such as:

• Internal bleeding
• Infection
• Obstruction

Prevention

To prevent peptic ulcers, individuals can:

• Avoid or limit the use of NSAIDs
• Practice good hygiene to prevent H. pylori infection
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Eat a balanced diet

See Also

• Gastritis
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Stomach cancer

External Links

• [Peptic Ulcer Disease on MedlinePlus]
• [Peptic Ulcer Information on Mayo Clinic]