Skin infections

Skin infections are diseases caused by a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and can manifest in various forms. Their presentation, management, and outcomes can significantly differ based on the causative agent, the patient's underlying health, and other contributing factors.

Impetigo

Tinea corporis

CercariaDermatitis

Felon (fingertip infection)

Infection after gastric banding

Etiology and Pathophysiology

The skin, our body's largest organ, serves as a primary barrier against environmental pathogens. When this barrier is compromised – either through injury, a weakened immune system, or other factors – microorganisms can invade and cause infections.

• Bacterial Infections: Commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Examples include impetigo, cellulitis, and folliculitis.
• Viral Infections: Manifestations can range from herpes simplex to warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Fungal Infections: Primarily caused by dermatophytes and yeasts, leading to conditions such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis.
• Parasitic Infections: Examples include scabies caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and lice infestations.

Clinical Presentation

Skin infections often present with a combination of redness, swelling, pain, and warmth. Itching can be prevalent, especially in fungal and parasitic infections. Fever may indicate a more systemic involvement, especially in bacterial infections.

Diagnostic Approach

An accurate diagnosis often requires a combination of clinical assessment, microbiological testing, and, occasionally, skin biopsies.

• History: It's crucial to understand the onset, progression, and any potential exposures.
• Physical Examination: This can often provide clues based on the lesion's appearance, location, and associated symptoms.
• Laboratory Testing: Involves culturing the causative agent or using PCR for viral infections.
• Skin biopsy: Might be necessary for unresolving or unclear presentations.

Treatment and Management

Treatment hinges on the causative agent:

• Bacterial: Often requires antibiotics, either topical or systemic.
• Viral: Antiviral agents can be effective, such as acyclovir for herpes infections.
• Fungal: Antifungal creams, ointments, or oral medications.
• Parasitic: Topical or oral treatments to eradicate the parasites.

It's crucial to recognize and address underlying factors that might predispose individuals to recurrent skin infections, such as diabetes or immunosuppression.

Prevention and Public Health Implications

Maintaining skin integrity, good hygiene practices, and proper wound care can significantly reduce the risk of skin infections. In certain cases, vaccination (e.g., against HPV to prevent warts) can be a useful preventive measure.

For individuals with recurrent MRSA infections, decolonization strategies, including nasal mupirocin ointment and chlorhexidine washes, may be recommended.

See Also

• Dermatology
• Infectious diseases
• Antibiotics
• Antivirals
• Antifungals

References

Skin infections Resources
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