Social identity theory

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Social identity theory is a social psychological theory that explores the ways in which individuals derive their identity from the social groups to which they belong. This theory was developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and 1980s. It is a key theory in understanding intergroup relations, group behavior, and social identity.

Overview

Social identity theory posits that a person’s sense of who they are is based on their group membership(s). The theory suggests that groups, such as social class, family, football team, etc., are an important source of pride and self-esteem. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world.

Key Concepts

Social Categorization

Social categorization is the process by which we categorize people, including ourselves, into groups. This can include categories such as age, gender, race, occupation, and other social categories. This process helps to simplify and systematize the social environment.

Social Identification

Social identification is the process by which individuals adopt the identity of the group they have categorized themselves as belonging to. This involves conforming to the norms, values, and behaviors of the group.

Social Comparison

Social comparison is the process by which individuals compare their group with other groups. This comparison can lead to positive or negative feelings about one's own group and can influence self-esteem.

Ingroup and Outgroup

The theory also introduces the concepts of ingroups and outgroups. An ingroup is a group to which a person belongs and identifies with, while an outgroup is a group to which a person does not belong. The distinction between ingroups and outgroups can lead to ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination.

Applications

Social identity theory has been applied in various fields, including organizational behavior, political science, education, and health psychology. It helps to explain phenomena such as prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping.

Criticisms

While social identity theory has been influential, it has also faced criticism. Some critics argue that it overemphasizes the role of social groups in identity formation and underestimates the role of individual agency. Others suggest that the theory does not adequately account for the complexity of social identities, which can be fluid and multifaceted.

Related Theories

• Self-categorization theory
• Social comparison theory
• Intergroup contact theory
• Realistic conflict theory

See Also

• Henri Tajfel
• John Turner (psychologist)
• Ingroup bias
• Outgroup homogeneity
• Minimal group paradigm
• Social identity
• Group dynamics