Space capsule

Crew Dragon at the ISS for Demo Mission 1 (cropped)

Vostok Spacecraft Diagram

Voskhod 1 and 2

Mercury Spacecraft

Gemini1

Gemini 12 spacecraft at the Adler Planetarium

Space Capsule

A space capsule is a type of spacecraft designed for space travel, which is used to transport crew or cargo to outer space and return them to Earth. Unlike other types of spacecraft, such as orbital spacecraft and spaceplanes, space capsules are characterized by their compact, rounded shape and limited internal volume. This design is primarily driven by the need for efficient re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere and safe landing.

Design and Features

Space capsules are designed with a blunt body shape to maximize the aerodynamic drag during re-entry, which helps to slow down the spacecraft. This shape also helps to manage the intense heat generated by re-entry, as it promotes the formation of a shock wave that deflects much of the heat away from the capsule. The exterior of a space capsule is covered with thermal protection systems (TPS) to protect it from the extreme temperatures.

The interior of a space capsule is typically equipped with life support systems to sustain the crew during their mission. This includes systems for oxygen supply, carbon dioxide removal, temperature control, and protection from space radiation. Space capsules are also equipped with communication systems to maintain contact with mission control on Earth.

History

The concept of the space capsule was first realized in the early days of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's Vostok and the United States' Mercury and Gemini programs utilized capsules to send the first humans into space. The most famous space capsule is perhaps the Apollo Command/Service Module, which was used by NASA during the Apollo program to land astronauts on the Moon.

Modern Space Capsules

In the 21st century, space capsules have seen a resurgence in use, both by governmental space agencies and private spaceflight companies. Notable examples include the Dragon 2 by SpaceX, the Orion by NASA, and the Soyuz spacecraft, which has been in use by the Russian space agency since the 1960s and has undergone several upgrades over the years.

Re-entry and Landing

The re-entry process begins with the space capsule being slowed down, usually by a retrofire maneuver, to drop out of orbit. As the capsule enters the Earth's atmosphere, it experiences intense heat and deceleration. Space capsules typically land in the ocean (a process known as splashdown) or on land, using parachutes and, in some cases, retro rockets to slow their descent further.

Future Developments

The future of space capsules includes advancements in reusability, safety, and comfort for the crew. Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are working on reusable space capsules to reduce the cost of space travel. Additionally, new materials and technologies are being developed to improve the thermal protection systems and life support systems within these capsules.