Specific language impairment

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in acquiring language skills despite normal intelligence, hearing, and no apparent physical or emotional difficulties. The condition is also known by other names, including developmental language disorder (DLD), language delay, or language learning impairment. SLI affects approximately 7% of children entering school and can persist into adulthood, impacting social, academic, and later occupational success.

Characteristics

SLI is primarily identified through the significant impairment in the child's language ability that cannot be attributed to any general or specific cause or condition. The characteristics of SLI can vary widely among individuals but often include difficulties with vocabulary, grammar (syntax and morphology), and often, the production of speech sounds (phonology). Children with SLI may struggle with both expressive language (speaking) and receptive language (understanding), though one area may be more severely affected than the other.

Expressive Language

Children with SLI may have a limited vocabulary and struggle with forming complete sentences. They might make grammatical errors, such as incorrect verb tense usage, and have difficulty telling stories or relaying information in an organized manner.

Receptive Language

In terms of receptive language, individuals with SLI may find it challenging to follow directions, understand questions, or grasp the meaning of complex sentences. This difficulty in comprehension can significantly impact learning and social interactions.

Causes

The exact causes of SLI are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic factors play a significant role. Studies involving twins and families indicate a hereditary component to SLI. Neurobiological research has also identified differences in brain structure and function in individuals with SLI, suggesting that the disorder has a biological basis. However, no single cause has been identified, and it is likely that multiple factors contribute to the condition.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing SLI involves a comprehensive evaluation by a speech-language pathologist (SLP). The assessment includes a detailed history of the child's language development, observation of the child's language use, and standardized language tests. It is crucial to rule out other possible causes of language difficulties, such as hearing loss, intellectual disability, or emotional disorders, to confirm a diagnosis of SLI.

Treatment

While there is no cure for SLI, early intervention and speech-language therapy can significantly improve language skills. Therapy may focus on building vocabulary, improving sentence structure, and enhancing conversation skills. The specific approach and goals of therapy will depend on the individual's age and the severity of their language difficulties. In addition to direct therapy, parents and educators can support language development through reading, conversation, and language-rich activities.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with SLI varies. Some children make significant progress and catch up to their peers, while others continue to experience language difficulties into adulthood. Early identification and intervention are critical for improving outcomes. Ongoing support throughout schooling can help individuals with SLI achieve academic and social success.