Spectrum analyzer

Spektrumanalysator FSL von Rohde & Schwarz

A modern real time spectrum analyzer

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Spectrum Analyser PCB

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Spectrum analyzer is an electronic device that displays the signal strength versus frequency within a specified frequency range. The primary use of a spectrum analyzer is to measure the power spectrum of electrical signals, making it a crucial tool in the fields of radio frequency (RF) engineering, audio analysis, and various fields of electromagnetic research. Spectrum analyzers can be categorized into two main types: analog and digital.

Types of Spectrum Analyzers

Analog Spectrum Analyzers

Analog spectrum analyzers utilize superheterodyne receiver technology to convert higher frequencies to lower, more manageable frequencies. They display the amplitude of the input signal in the vertical axis (Y-axis) and the frequency on the horizontal axis (X-axis). These devices are known for their excellent frequency resolution and sensitivity.

Digital Spectrum Analyzers

Digital spectrum analyzers, on the other hand, employ Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms to convert the time-domain signals into their frequency components. This type allows for more complex analysis and has the advantage of faster processing times and the ability to analyze a wider range of frequencies.

Applications

Spectrum analyzers are used in a wide range of applications, from designing and manufacturing electronic equipment to troubleshooting and maintaining it. They are essential in the development of wireless technologies, satellite communications, and broadcast engineering. In the audio industry, they are used to analyze sound frequencies and for acoustic research.

Key Features

- Frequency Range: The range of frequencies that the analyzer can measure. This can vary from a few kHz in audio applications to several GHz in RF applications. - Resolution Bandwidth (RBW): The smallest frequency span within which the analyzer can distinguish between two signals. A lower RBW allows for more detailed analysis. - Sweep Time: The time it takes for the analyzer to complete a frequency sweep across its entire range. - Dynamic Range: The range between the smallest and largest signals the analyzer can accurately measure.

Operation

The operation of a spectrum analyzer involves several steps, including the selection of the frequency range, resolution bandwidth, and the type of detection (e.g., peak, average). For analog analyzers, the signal is mixed with a local oscillator to bring it to a lower frequency, filtered, and then displayed. In digital analyzers, the signal is digitized, and an FFT is applied to convert it to the frequency domain for display.

Choosing a Spectrum Analyzer

When selecting a spectrum analyzer, considerations include the frequency range, resolution bandwidth, dynamic range, and the specific applications it will be used for. The choice between analog and digital will depend on the specific needs of the user, including the level of detail required and the speed of analysis.