Spinal cord stimulator

Spinal Cord Stimulator

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An anterior thoracic spinal cord stimulator implant.

A spinal cord stimulator (SCS) is a medical device used to manage chronic pain by sending electrical impulses to the spinal cord. These impulses interfere with the nerve signals that communicate pain to the brain, providing relief for patients with conditions such as failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and other neuropathic pain disorders.

History

The concept of using electrical stimulation for pain relief dates back to ancient times, but the modern spinal cord stimulator was first developed in the 1960s. The first implantable SCS was introduced in 1967, and since then, the technology has evolved significantly, with advancements in neurostimulation techniques and device miniaturization.

Components

A spinal cord stimulator system typically consists of three main components:

• Electrodes: These are placed in the epidural space near the spinal cord. They deliver electrical impulses to the targeted nerves.
• Pulse generator: This is a small device implanted under the skin, usually in the abdomen or buttocks, which generates the electrical impulses.
• Remote control: Patients use this to adjust the intensity and pattern of the stimulation according to their needs.

Procedure

The implantation of a spinal cord stimulator is usually performed in two stages:

1. Trial phase: Temporary electrodes are placed to determine if the patient experiences significant pain relief. 2. Permanent implantation: If the trial is successful, a permanent system is implanted.

The procedure is minimally invasive and typically performed under local anesthesia with sedation.

Mechanism of Action

The spinal cord stimulator works by delivering electrical impulses that modify the transmission of pain signals in the dorsal column of the spinal cord. This process is known as "gate control theory" of pain, where the electrical stimulation "closes the gate" to pain signals, preventing them from reaching the brain.

Indications

Spinal cord stimulators are indicated for patients with chronic pain conditions that have not responded to conservative treatments such as medication, physical therapy, or surgery. Common indications include:

• Failed back surgery syndrome
• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Ischemic pain

Risks and Complications

While generally safe, spinal cord stimulator implantation carries some risks, including:

• Infection
• Bleeding
• Nerve damage
• Device malfunction

Patients may also experience changes in stimulation over time, requiring adjustments to the device settings.

Related Pages

• Neurostimulation
• Chronic pain management
• Pain management
• Neuropathic pain