Spotted hyena

Spotted hyena in Madikwe Game Reserve

Synopsis Quadrupeds crocuta

Spotted Hyena at White River

Crocuta silvanensis skull

Spotted Hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) female close-up ... (31339658775)

Walking Spotted Hyena Luangwa Jul23 A7C 05771

Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classified as the sole member of the genus Crocuta, native to Sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), on account of its widespread range and large numbers estimated at 27,000-47,000 individuals. The spotted hyena is the most social of the Carnivora in that it has the largest group sizes and most complex social behaviors. Its social organization is unlike that of any other Carnivora, bearing closer resemblance to that of primates with complex, hierarchical, matriarchal societies.

Description

The spotted hyena is the largest member of the Hyenidae, and is further distinguished from other species by its less prominent mane, its rounded ears, and its spotted pelt, from which it derives its common name. Adults weigh an average of 40 to 86 kg (88 to 190 lb), though exceptionally large individuals have been recorded. Both sexes are similar in size, but females are slightly larger and more dominant than males.

Behavior

Spotted hyenas are known for their complex social structures, often referred to as clans, which can consist of up to 80 individuals. These clans are matriarchal, with females being larger, more aggressive, and dominant over males. High-ranking females have access to the best resources, including food and denning sites. Spotted hyenas are also known for their vocalizations, which include laughter-like sounds that can be heard during excitement or distress.

Diet

Primarily scavengers, spotted hyenas have a reputation for being cowardly because they prefer to feed on carrion. However, they are adept hunters that can take down large prey such as wildebeest and zebra. They have exceptionally strong jaws and digestive systems with highly acidic gastric juices that allow them to process bones and other tough materials that other predators leave behind.

Reproduction

The spotted hyena has a unique reproductive system among mammals, with females possessing a pseudo-penis, which is actually an elongated clitoris. Females give birth through this organ, which can make birthing difficult and dangerous. Gestation lasts around 110 days, and litters can consist of 1 to 4 cubs. Cubs are born with their eyes open and teeth erupted, ready to compete fiercely with siblings for milk.

Conservation

While the spotted hyena is not currently considered endangered, its populations are affected by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching for their body parts, which are used in traditional medicine and as trophies. Conservation efforts are focused on mitigating human-wildlife conflict and protecting natural habitats.

Cultural Depictions

The spotted hyena has been depicted in African folklore and literature as both a symbol of wisdom and foolishness, often misunderstood and misrepresented as a mere scavenger. In modern culture, it has often been portrayed negatively, which has contributed to its reputation as a cowardly and unclean animal.