Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme

Stratum Corneum Chymotryptic Enzyme (SCCE), also known as kallikrein 7 (KLK7), is a serine protease that plays a crucial role in the desquamation process of the skin. Desquamation is the shedding of the outermost membrane or layer of a tissue, such as the skin. The SCCE is predominantly found in the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of the epidermis. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of corneodesmosomes, which are protein complexes that hold skin cells together. By breaking down these complexes, SCCE facilitates the natural shedding of dead skin cells, contributing to skin homeostasis and barrier function.

Function

The primary function of the Stratum Corneum Chymotryptic Enzyme is to mediate the process of skin cell shedding or desquamation. SCCE targets specific proteins within the corneodesmosomes, such as desmoglein 1 and corneodesmosin, leading to the loosening and eventual shedding of the outer skin cells. This enzymatic activity is critical for maintaining skin health, as it helps to remove dead skin cells, pathogens, and other debris from the skin surface. Additionally, SCCE activity is regulated to prevent excessive skin shedding, which is essential for preserving the barrier and hydration functions of the skin.

Regulation

The activity of SCCE is tightly regulated by various mechanisms, including its synthesis, activation, and inhibition. SCCE is synthesized as an inactive precursor, which is then activated through proteolytic cleavage. The enzyme's activity is modulated by specific inhibitors, such as lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI), which is encoded by the SPINK5 gene. Mutations in the SPINK5 gene can lead to a reduction in LEKTI, resulting in increased SCCE activity and abnormal skin desquamation, as observed in certain skin disorders.

Clinical Significance

Alterations in SCCE activity have been implicated in various skin conditions. Overactivity of SCCE can lead to excessive desquamation, contributing to the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as Netherton syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by red, scaly skin. Conversely, reduced SCCE activity can impair the normal shedding of skin cells, leading to the accumulation of dead skin cells on the surface, which is observed in conditions like ichthyosis.

Genetics

The gene encoding Stratum Corneum Chymotryptic Enzyme, KLK7, is part of the kallikrein gene family. This family consists of a group of serine proteases with diverse physiological functions. The KLK7 gene is located on chromosome 19q13.4 and is expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression levels found in the skin, particularly in the stratum corneum.

Research Directions

Research on SCCE has focused on understanding its role in skin physiology and pathology, with the aim of developing targeted therapies for skin disorders. Inhibitors of SCCE are being explored as potential treatments for conditions characterized by abnormal desquamation. Additionally, the role of SCCE in other physiological processes and diseases, beyond the skin, is an area of ongoing investigation.