Subconjunctival haemorrhage

Subconjunctival haemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding underneath the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye. This condition results in a noticeable red or bloodshot appearance in the eye, as the blood has nowhere to escape. Subconjunctival haemorrhages are generally harmless and resolve on their own without the need for treatment. Despite their benign nature, they can cause concern due to their dramatic appearance.

Causes

Subconjunctival haemorrhages can occur due to a variety of reasons. They often result from a minor injury or trauma to the eye, such as rubbing the eye too hard, a direct blow to the eye, or even from a severe sneeze or cough. In some cases, they can also be a result of sudden increases in blood pressure, diabetes, blood clotting disorders, or certain medications that affect blood clotting, such as aspirin or warfarin. However, in many instances, no apparent cause can be identified.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of a subconjunctival haemorrhage is a bright red or dark red patch on the sclera (the white part of the eye). This red patch is usually painless, and there is no change in vision. Some individuals might experience a slight irritation or a scratchy feeling on the surface of the eye. There is no discharge or tearing associated with this condition.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of subconjunctival haemorrhage is primarily based on a visual examination of the eye. Health care providers can usually diagnose the condition by looking at the eye's appearance. In cases where a subconjunctival haemorrhage occurs frequently or is associated with other symptoms, further testing may be required to check for underlying health issues, such as hypertension or blood clotting disorders.

Treatment

No specific treatment is required for a subconjunctival haemorrhage, as the condition usually resolves on its own within two weeks. The blood is absorbed by the body, and the red patch gradually disappears. Applying a cold compress to the eye during the first 24 hours can help reduce swelling. Avoiding blood-thinning medications or supplements may also be advised by a healthcare provider if they are deemed to be the cause. If the condition is associated with discomfort, artificial tears can be used to soothe the eye.

Prevention

Preventing subconjunctival haemorrhages involves minimizing the risk factors associated with the condition. This includes avoiding eye trauma, controlling high blood pressure, managing diabetes effectively, and using caution with medications that affect blood clotting. Wearing protective eyewear during activities that could result in eye injury can also help prevent subconjunctival haemorrhages.

Conclusion

Subconjunctival haemorrhage is a common and typically benign condition that causes a red patch to appear on the white part of the eye due to bleeding under the conjunctiva. While it can be alarming in appearance, it usually resolves without treatment. However, individuals experiencing frequent subconjunctival haemorrhages should seek medical advice to rule out any underlying health issues.