Sundanese language

Sundanese language distribution

Sundanese dialects distribution map

Sundanese language (Basa Sunda) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken primarily in the western part of the island of Java, Indonesia. It is the second most spoken language in Indonesia after Indonesian. The Sundanese people (Urang Sunda) who inhabit the provinces of West Java, parts of Central Java, and the western part of Banten are the native speakers of this language. Sundanese has several dialects, influenced by the geographical and social environments of the speakers.

History

The Sundanese language has a rich history, with its origins tracing back to the pre-Hindu-Buddhist period in western Java. The oldest known Sundanese inscriptions date from the 14th century, although it is believed that the language was spoken long before these inscriptions were made. The language has been influenced by Sanskrit, Arabic, and Javanese due to historical trade, religious conversion, and political domination.

Dialects

Sundanese dialects can be broadly classified into three groups: Western, Central, and Eastern Sundanese. The Western dialect is spoken along the coast, the Central dialect in the central highlands, and the Eastern dialect towards the eastern part of West Java. Each dialect has its unique characteristics and variations in vocabulary and pronunciation.

Phonology

Sundanese phonology is characterized by its vowel and consonant systems. The language has a typical Austronesian vowel inventory of /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/. The consonant sounds include nasals, stops, fricatives, and approximants, which are common in many Austronesian languages.

Grammar

Sundanese grammar is not as rigid as that of English. The language employs a subject-verb-object (SVO) order in sentences but can be flexible depending on the context. Sundanese uses affixes to denote grammatical relations and to form words. The language has a rich system of affixation, including prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes, which play a crucial role in word formation.

Writing System

Historically, Sundanese was written using its own script, known as the Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda), which evolved from the Kawi script. Today, the Latin alphabet is predominantly used, although the Sundanese script is still taught and used for cultural and certain formal purposes.

Literature and Media

Sundanese literature is rich and varied, encompassing traditional forms such as the pantun (poetic form) and modern forms, including novels and short stories. Sundanese is also used in local media, including radio, television, and newspapers, promoting the language's vitality and contemporary relevance.

Preservation and Education

Efforts to preserve the Sundanese language are ongoing, with schools in West Java offering Sundanese language classes as part of the curriculum. There are also initiatives to promote the language through technology, such as Sundanese language software and applications.

Conclusion

The Sundanese language is an integral part of the cultural identity of the Sundanese people. Despite the challenges of globalization and the dominance of the Indonesian language, Sundanese continues to thrive, supported by educational initiatives and the dedication of its speakers to preserving their linguistic heritage.