Superior orbital fissure

Illustration of the superior orbital fissure

The Superior Orbital Fissure is a gap or opening in the human skull located between the lesser wing and greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It is one of the most significant structures in the orbit as it allows passage for many important nerves and blood vessels.

Anatomy

The superior orbital fissure is a cleft in the sphenoid bone that forms a pathway from the middle cranial fossa to the orbit. It is shaped like a slit and is located lateral to the optic canal.

Structures Passing Through

Several important structures pass through the superior orbital fissure, including:

• The oculomotor nerve (III)
• The trochlear nerve (IV)
• The abducens nerve (VI)
• The ophthalmic nerve (V1), a branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
• The superior ophthalmic vein

Clinical Significance

Damage to the superior orbital fissure can lead to Superior orbital fissure syndrome, a condition characterized by paralysis of the cranial nerves passing through the fissure. This can result in symptoms such as double vision, loss of sensation in the upper eyelid and forehead, and drooping of the eyelid (ptosis).

See Also

• Orbit (anatomy)
• Sphenoid bone
• Cranial nerves