Symphyla

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Scutigerella 116012425

Scutigerella 63392733

Garden centipede (Scutigerella immaculata) life stages

Symphyla are a group of small, soil-dwelling arthropods found in the Subphylum Myriapoda. They are commonly known as garden centipedes or glasshouse symphylans, comprising the class Symphyla within the larger framework of Myriapoda, which also includes more familiar classes such as Centipedes (Chilopoda) and Millipedes (Diplopoda). Symphylans share some characteristics with centipedes and millipedes, such as a segmented body and numerous legs, but they are distinct in their own right, with unique anatomical and ecological features.

Description

Symphylans are small, typically measuring 2 to 10 mm in length. They have a soft, white, and elongated body that is clearly segmented. Each of their body segments, except for the first three and the last one, bears a pair of legs, leading to a total of 10 to 12 pairs of legs in adults. Their head is equipped with long antennae, a pair of simple eyes (ocelli), and mouthparts adapted for chewing. Despite their common name, symphylans are not true centipedes; they are more closely related to millipedes.

Habitat and Distribution

Symphylans inhabit moist soil and leaf litter in a variety of environments, ranging from forests to agricultural fields. They prefer high-moisture conditions and are often found in the upper soil layers where organic matter is abundant. Symphylans are widespread and have been recorded in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Their presence is generally indicative of a well-aerated and rich soil ecosystem.

Ecology and Behavior

Symphylans feed on decaying plant material, fungi, and possibly living plant tissues, making them important decomposers in soil ecosystems. However, some species are known to damage roots of crops and are considered pests in agriculture, particularly in greenhouse and nursery settings. They are capable of rapid movement and can burrow through soil using their head and strong forelegs.

Reproduction

Symphylans reproduce sexually, with males depositing a spermatophore that is picked up by the female. Females lay eggs in soil, from which juveniles hatch. Juveniles resemble adults but have fewer body segments and legs. They undergo a series of molts, gaining additional segments and legs with each molt until they reach adult form.

Taxonomy

The class Symphyla is divided into two orders: Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha, with over 200 described species. The taxonomy of Symphyla is still under study, with new species being described and the relationships among them being clarified through genetic and morphological research.

Conservation

Little is known about the conservation status of many symphylan species. Their cryptic lifestyle and small size make them difficult to study. However, as soil-dwelling organisms, they are likely susceptible to habitat destruction, pollution, and changes in soil composition due to human activities.