Tamarix

Tamarix aphylla

Tamarix gallica bloemen

Tamaris3

Ateybeh,March 2014

Almirithra

Tamarix, commonly known as tamarisk, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae. It is native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa. The genus includes over 50-60 species of deciduous or evergreen shrubs and small trees. Known for their extreme tolerance to arid conditions, Tamarix species have been widely introduced outside their native range, often becoming invasive species in the new environments.

Description

Tamarix plants can grow from 1 to 18 meters tall. They are characterized by slender branches and grey-green foliage, with small leaves that are scale-like and overlap along the branches. This adaptation helps reduce water loss in hot climates. During spring or summer, depending on the species, Tamarix trees produce dense racemes or panicles of small, pink, white, or pale purple flowers. The flowers are delicate and five-petaled, attracting various pollinators.

Ecology

Tamarix species are well-adapted to survive in saline soils and environments with limited water availability. They have deep root systems that allow them to access groundwater and excrete salt through glands in their leaves, which can increase soil salinity around them. This adaptation often gives Tamarix a competitive edge over native vegetation, especially in disturbed or arid landscapes.

However, their ability to alter ecosystems has made them a concern in areas where they have been introduced. In places like the southwestern United States, Tamarix species have displaced native riparian vegetation, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and changes in hydrology. Efforts to control their spread include mechanical removal, chemical treatments, and the introduction of natural predators like the tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda elongata).

Uses

Historically, Tamarix species have been used for various purposes. Their wood is durable and resistant to rot, making it suitable for construction and carpentry. In some cultures, Tamarix has been used in traditional medicine to treat ailments such as rheumatism and eye infections. The plants are also used for ornamental purposes in landscapes and gardens, appreciated for their feathery foliage and attractive flowers.

Conservation and Management

The introduction and spread of Tamarix species in non-native areas have prompted various conservation and management efforts. These efforts aim to protect native ecosystems, restore riparian habitats, and control the spread of Tamarix through integrated pest management strategies. Conservationists emphasize the importance of preventing new introductions and managing existing populations to mitigate the environmental impacts of these invasive species.

Species

Some notable species within the genus Tamarix include:

• Tamarix aphylla (Athel tamarisk), known for its tall stature and use as a windbreak in arid regions.
• Tamarix gallica (French tamarisk), popular in ornamental horticulture for its pink flowers.
• Tamarix ramosissima (Salt cedar), one of the most widespread and invasive species, particularly in the western United States.

See Also

• Invasive species
• Riparian zone
• Saline soil