Technology transfer

Technology transfer or tech transfer is the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing, and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials, or services. It is closely related to (and may arguably be considered a subset of) knowledge transfer. Horizontal transfer is the movement of technologies from one area to another. At present, transfer of technology (TOT) is primarily horizontal. Vertical transfer occurs when technologies are moved from applied research centers to research and development departments.

History

The concept of technology transfer can be traced back to the mid-20th century. The United States implemented a program of technology transfer after the Second World War, which resulted in the rapid industrialization of many countries, including the German and Japanese economies.

Process

Technology transfer is a complex process that involves more than just the initial transfer of technology from one party to another. It also involves ongoing efforts to adapt the technology to the recipient's needs, as well as to provide training and support to enable the recipient to effectively use the technology.

Types

There are several types of technology transfer, including:

• Commercial technology transfer: This is the most common form of technology transfer, and involves the transfer of technology from a company to another company or to a government.
• Public technology transfer: This involves the transfer of technology from a government or a university to a company.
• International technology transfer: This involves the transfer of technology from one country to another.

Challenges

There are several challenges associated with technology transfer, including:

• Cultural differences: These can create misunderstandings and conflicts between the parties involved in the transfer.
• Intellectual property rights: These can create legal and financial obstacles to the transfer.
• Lack of expertise: The recipient may lack the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively use the technology.

See also

• Knowledge transfer
• Technology scouting
• Technology fusion