Teichoic acids

Teichoic acids are polymers that are found in the cell wall of some Gram-positive bacteria. They are polyol phosphate polymers that are covalently linked to either the peptidoglycan or the cell membrane. Teichoic acids play a crucial role in the physiology of Gram-positive bacteria and are involved in cell division, protection against environmental stresses, and pathogenesis.

Structure

Teichoic acids are composed of repeating units of glycerol or ribitol that are linked by phosphodiester bonds. The hydroxyl groups of the polyol are often esterified with D-alanine or sugars, which can influence the overall charge of the cell surface.

There are two main types of teichoic acids: wall teichoic acids (WTAs) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs). WTAs are linked to the peptidoglycan layer, while LTAs are anchored to the cell membrane. The exact structure of teichoic acids can vary between different bacterial species and strains.

Function

Teichoic acids contribute to the overall negative charge of the bacterial cell surface, which can influence the interaction with positively charged molecules and ions. They are also involved in the regulation of cell wall autolysis, cell division, and the control of cation concentrations in the cell.

In addition, teichoic acids play a role in the pathogenesis of Gram-positive bacteria. They can act as antigens, stimulate the immune response, and contribute to the adherence of bacteria to host tissues.

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of teichoic acids involves several steps and is regulated by a number of genes. The process starts with the formation of the polyol phosphate backbone, followed by the addition of modifying groups. The completed teichoic acid is then transported to the cell surface and incorporated into the cell wall or cell membrane.

Clinical significance

Teichoic acids are targets for several antibiotics, including vancomycin and daptomycin. They are also being investigated as potential targets for new antibacterial drugs. In addition, teichoic acids are involved in the resistance of Gram-positive bacteria to certain antibiotics, such as beta-lactams.

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