Temporomandibular disorder

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a general term referring to a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint and the muscles controlling jaw movement. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a hinge that connects the jaw to the temporal bones of the skull, which are located in front of each ear. It enables the jaw to move up and down, side to side, and forward and back, allowing for chewing, talking, and yawning.

Causes

The exact cause of a person's TMD is often difficult to determine. The pain could be due to a combination of factors, such as genetics, arthritis, or jaw injury. Some people who have jaw pain also tend to clench or grind their teeth, although many people habitually clench or grind their teeth and never develop TMD.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of TMD include:

• Pain or tenderness in the face, jaw joint area, neck and shoulders, and in or around the ear when you chew, speak, or open your mouth wide
• Limited ability to open the mouth very wide
• Jaws that get "stuck" or "lock" in the open- or closed-mouth position
• Clicking, popping, or grating sounds in the jaw joint when opening or closing the mouth
• Difficulty chewing or a sudden uncomfortable bite
• Swelling on the side of the face

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of TMD involves a careful review of the patient's medical history and a physical examination of the face and jaw. The doctor will check for pain or tenderness in the jaw, and will also listen for clicks, pops, or grating sounds during jaw movement. Range of motion in the jaw will be assessed, and the doctor may also press on areas around the jaw to identify sites of pain or discomfort.

Treatment

Treatment for TMD typically involves a combination of self-care practices, medications, and physical therapy. In some cases, if conservative treatments do not work, surgical procedures may be considered.

See also

• Jaw joint
• Arthritis
• Physical therapy