Tetanus antitoxin

Tetanus Antitoxin is a type of antibody used in the prevention and treatment of tetanus, a serious bacterial infection. It is derived from the blood plasma of animals that have been immunized against tetanus toxin, and is used to provide immediate, short-term protection against the disease.

History

The use of tetanus antitoxin dates back to the late 19th century, when Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato first demonstrated the effectiveness of passive immunization against tetanus in 1890. This discovery led to the development of the first tetanus antitoxin, which was produced by injecting horses with tetanus toxin and then collecting their blood serum.

Production

Tetanus antitoxin is produced by immunizing animals, typically horses, with tetanus toxoid, a non-toxic form of the tetanus toxin. The animals' immune systems respond by producing antibodies against the toxin. These antibodies are then collected from the animals' blood and purified to produce the antitoxin.

Use

Tetanus antitoxin is used in two main ways: for prophylaxis (prevention) and for treatment of active tetanus infection.

Prophylaxis

For prophylaxis, tetanus antitoxin is given to individuals who have a high risk of developing tetanus, such as those with a deep wound or a wound contaminated with soil, feces, or saliva. The antitoxin provides immediate protection against tetanus, but this protection is temporary, lasting only a few weeks.

Treatment

For treatment, tetanus antitoxin is given to individuals who have been diagnosed with tetanus. The antitoxin neutralizes the tetanus toxin, preventing it from causing further damage. However, it cannot reverse the damage that has already been done.

Side Effects

Like all medications, tetanus antitoxin can cause side effects. The most common side effects are mild and include fever, headache, and allergic reactions. In rare cases, severe allergic reactions can occur.

See Also

• Tetanus
• Antitoxin
• Passive immunity
• Emil von Behring
• Shibasaburo Kitasato