Theravada

Thuparamaya Stupa and Stone Pillars

Ruwanweli Saya 1

TipitakaGoldPlates

Old Bagan, Myanmar, Bagan plains at sunset

Buddhism-meditation-burma

AjahnChahSangha

Theravāda (Theravāda Buddhism) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, traditionally practiced in countries in Southeast Asia including Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Laos, and Cambodia. It is sometimes called "Southern Buddhism". The name Theravāda, meaning "Teaching of the Elders", reflects its reverence for the Buddha's original teachings and texts, preserved in the Pāli Canon, the only complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language. Theravāda promotes the concept of Vipassanā (insight) and Samatha (tranquility) meditation practices, aiming for the attainment of Nirvana by becoming an Arhat (a perfected person).

Origins and History

Theravāda Buddhism traces its roots back to the original teachings of the Buddha and the monastic community he established. After the Buddha's death, the Buddhist community split into several schools, with Theravāda being one of them, originally known as the Vibhajjavāda. The key historical event for Theravāda was the Third Buddhist Council held in Pataliputra (modern-day Patna, India), under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka. This council led to the sending of missionaries to various regions, including the monk Mahinda, who introduced Buddhism to Sri Lanka.

Teachings and Practices

The core teachings of Theravāda Buddhism are based on the Three Marks of Existence: Anicca (impermanence), Dukkha (suffering), and Anatta (non-self). Theravāda holds the Pāli Canon as its scriptural authority, which includes the Vinaya Pitaka (disciplinary code), the Sutta Pitaka (discourses), and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (philosophical and doctrinal analyses).

Meditation practices in Theravāda are primarily focused on developing mindfulness (Sati) and concentration (Samadhi), leading to deep insight into the nature of reality and ultimately to enlightenment. Two main types of meditation are practiced: Vipassanā, which emphasizes insight into the Three Marks of Existence, and Samatha, which focuses on achieving mental tranquility and concentration.

Monastic Life

Monastic life is central to Theravāda Buddhism, with monks and nuns living in monasteries and dedicating their lives to meditation, study, and teaching. The monastic code (Vinaya) guides their conduct, emphasizing moral discipline, simplicity, and renunciation. Monks play a key role in the community, providing spiritual guidance and performing religious ceremonies.

Cultural Impact

Theravāda Buddhism has had a profound impact on the cultures of Southeast Asia. It has influenced art, architecture, literature, and law. Theravāda temples and monasteries are focal points of community life, hosting festivals, ceremonies, and educational activities.

Modern Developments

In recent times, Theravāda Buddhism has spread beyond its traditional geographic boundaries, gaining followers worldwide. It has adapted to modern contexts, engaging with contemporary issues such as social justice, environmentalism, and interfaith dialogue. However, it remains committed to preserving the authenticity of the Buddha's teachings and the monastic tradition.