Tiberius

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Livia y Tiberio M.A.N. 01

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Portraitkopf der Vipsania Agrippina

Germania Enobarbo e Tiberio

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Aureus à l'effigie de Tibère

Tiberius (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) was the second Roman Emperor, succeeding Augustus. His reign lasted from 14 AD until his death in 37 AD. Tiberius was one of the greatest Roman generals; his conquests extended the Roman Empire to the Danube River and made the Rhine River its permanent border with Germania. Despite his military successes, his reign is remembered more for its political turmoil and the increasing power of the Praetorian Guard until it was finally curbed by his successor, Caligula.

Early Life

Tiberius was born in Rome to Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced Nero and married Augustus in 39 BC, making Tiberius a stepson of the future emperor. Despite the complicated family dynamics, Tiberius was raised to be a competent leader and soldier, showing early promise in both military and administrative capacities.

Rise to Power

Tiberius's rise to power began with his adoption by Augustus in 4 AD, making him the primary heir. He was granted tribunician power and shared in Augustus's imperial authority, marking him as a clear successor. Before becoming emperor, Tiberius served with distinction in various military campaigns and was instrumental in consolidating the empire's frontiers.

Reign

Upon Augustus's death in 14 AD, Tiberius assumed control of the empire, though he was reluctant to accept the title of emperor initially. His reign was marked by a series of military campaigns and a focus on legal and administrative reforms. However, Tiberius became increasingly unpopular due to his perceived aloofness and the influence of his Praetorian Prefect, Sejanus, who was seen as manipulating the emperor for his gain.

Tiberius retired to Capri in 26 AD, leaving the administration of the empire largely in the hands of Sejanus. This period saw the rise of treason trials and a climate of fear and suspicion in Rome. Tiberius's reputation suffered as a result, and he was viewed by many as a tyrant.

Death and Legacy

Tiberius died in 37 AD at the age of 77. He was succeeded by his grand-nephew and adopted grandson, Caligula. Despite his achievements, Tiberius's legacy is overshadowed by his later years and the negative portrayal by ancient historians. Modern historians have re-evaluated his reign, acknowledging his contributions to the Roman state and military.

See Also

• Julio-Claudian dynasty
• Roman Empire
• Augustus
• Caligula
• Praetorian Guard