Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)

Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete's foot, is a fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. It can also spread to the toenails and the hands. The condition is named for its prevalence among athletes, as the fungus thrives in warm, moist environments such as shoes, socks, swimming pools, locker rooms, and the floors of public showers.

Causes and Risk Factors

Tinea pedis is caused by a number of fungi in the genus Trichophyton, with Trichophyton rubrum being the most common cause. These fungi live on the dead tissues of the skin, hair, and nails. Factors that increase the risk of developing athlete's foot include wearing tight-fitting, closed-toe shoes, keeping the feet wet for long periods, sweating heavily, and having a minor skin or nail injury on the foot.

Symptoms

The symptoms of athlete's foot can vary from mild to severe and may include itching, stinging, and burning between the toes or on the soles of the feet; itchy blisters; cracking and peeling skin, especially between the toes and on the soles of the feet; dry skin on the sides or bottoms of the feet; raw skin on the feet; discolored, thick, and crumbly toenails; and toenails that pull away from the nail bed.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of athlete's foot is typically based on the appearance of the skin. A healthcare provider may also perform a skin lesion potassium hydroxide (KOH) exam to check for fungi, or a skin culture or skin biopsy if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the condition hasn't responded to treatment.

Treatment

Treatment for athlete's foot includes over-the-counter antifungal ointments, lotions, powders, and sprays. If these treatments are ineffective, a healthcare provider may prescribe stronger topical or oral antifungal medications. Keeping the feet dry and clean, wearing breathable shoes and socks, and changing socks regularly can also help treat and prevent athlete's foot.

Prevention

Preventive measures include keeping the feet dry, especially between the toes; changing socks and shoes regularly to keep feet dry; wearing sandals in public showers, around public swimming pools, and in other public places; and using antifungal powders or sprays regularly if prone to athlete's foot.

Epidemiology

Athlete's foot is one of the most common fungal infections, affecting millions of people worldwide. It can affect individuals of any age but is more common in adults. The condition is more prevalent in males than in females.