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Testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) is a condition that affects the development of the testes in males. It is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including cryptorchidism (undescended testes), hypospadias (a condition where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis), low sperm count, and an increased risk of testicular cancer.

Causes

The exact cause of TDS is unknown, but it is believed to be linked to both genetic and environmental factors. Some studies suggest that exposure to certain chemicals during pregnancy may increase the risk of TDS.

Symptoms

The symptoms of TDS can vary greatly from person to person. Some men may have no symptoms at all, while others may experience:

• Cryptorchidism: This is a condition where one or both of the testes fail to descend. This can lead to fertility problems and an increased risk of testicular cancer.
• Hypospadias: This is a condition where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, rather than at the tip. This can cause problems with urination and sexual function.
• Low sperm count: This can lead to fertility problems.
• Increased risk of testicular cancer: Men with TDS have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of TDS is usually made based on the presence of the characteristic symptoms. Additional tests, such as a physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies, may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Treatment

Treatment for TDS depends on the specific symptoms and their severity. Treatment options may include surgery to correct cryptorchidism or hypospadias, hormone therapy to increase sperm count, and regular monitoring for signs of testicular cancer.

See also

• Cryptorchidism
• Hypospadias
• Testicular cancer

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