Alcohol (chemistry)

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Alcohol

Alcohol Structure with angle and lone pair

Propan-1-ol

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Propan-2-ol displayed

2-Propanol

Alcohol (chemistry) refers to a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Alcohols are widely used in industry and everyday life, from the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics to being an active ingredient in alcoholic beverages. The structure and properties of an alcohol depend on the number of hydroxyl groups present and their attachment to the carbon chain.

Types of Alcohols

Alcohols can be classified into three main types based on the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached:

• Primary Alcohols (1°): The hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon atom. An example is ethanol, commonly found in alcoholic beverages.
• Secondary Alcohols (2°): The hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. An example is isopropanol, used as a disinfectant.
• Tertiary Alcohols (3°): The hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms. An example is tert-butyl alcohol, used as a solvent and in organic synthesis.

Properties

Alcohols exhibit both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, making them good solvents for a wide range of substances. The boiling points of alcohols are generally higher than those of alkanes of similar molecular weight, due to hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups. Alcohols can also undergo a variety of chemical reactions, including dehydration, oxidation, and esterification.

Uses

Alcohols have a wide range of applications:

• As solvents in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and paint industries.
• In the production of fuels, such as ethanol used in E85 gasoline.
• As disinfectants, such as isopropanol and ethanol in hand sanitizers.
• In the manufacture of plastics, perfumes, and other chemicals.

Health and Safety

While some alcohols, like ethanol, are safe in small quantities, others can be toxic or even lethal. Methanol, for example, is highly toxic and can cause blindness or death if ingested. Proper handling and storage of alcohols are essential to prevent accidents and health risks.

Environmental Impact

The production and use of alcohols, especially as fuels, have environmental implications. While bioethanol is considered a renewable energy source, its production and use can lead to deforestation, water use issues, and the emission of greenhouse gases. The environmental impact depends on the source of the alcohol and the methods used in its production and disposal.