Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials

Toxicology of Carbon Nanomaterials

The toxicology of carbon nanomaterials refers to the study of the adverse effects of carbon nanomaterials on living organisms, particularly humans. Carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes, have been extensively studied due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which have potential applications in various fields such as nanotechnology, medicine, and electronics. However, their potential toxic effects and the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood.

Types of Carbon Nanomaterials

There are several types of carbon nanomaterials, each with unique properties and potential toxic effects.

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical nanostructures composed of a single or multiple layers of graphene. They are known for their exceptional strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. However, their needle-like shape and biopersistence have raised concerns about their potential toxicity.

Graphene

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. It has remarkable mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. However, its potential toxicity is still under investigation.

Fullerenes

Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. They have unique physical and chemical properties, but their potential toxicity is not fully understood.

Toxic Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials

The toxic effects of carbon nanomaterials can vary depending on their size, shape, surface properties, and exposure route. They can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. They can also interfere with cellular functions and processes, leading to cell death.

Mechanisms of Toxicity

The mechanisms of toxicity of carbon nanomaterials are not fully understood. However, several mechanisms have been proposed, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and interference with cellular functions and processes.

Safety and Regulation

Due to the potential toxic effects of carbon nanomaterials, safety and regulation are important considerations. Various regulatory bodies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), have guidelines and regulations in place to ensure the safe use of these materials.

See Also

• Nanotoxicology
• Nanomedicine
• Nanotechnology