Transient Ischemic Attack

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by loss of blood flow (ischemia) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without tissue death (infarction). TIAs have the same underlying cause as strokes: a disruption of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and are often referred to as mini-strokes.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a TIA are similar to that of stroke, but last less than one hour, and do not result in permanent brain damage. The symptoms can vary widely depending on the area of the brain that is involved. The most common symptoms include: confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech; a sudden, severe headache; unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or a sudden fall, especially along with any of the other symptoms.

Causes

The main cause of TIA is a blockage of blood flow to the brain, which can be due to either a clot in the brain's blood vessels, or a clot that travels to the brain from another part of the body. Other causes can include narrowing of the smaller blood vessels in the brain, or a decrease in the blood supply due to high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, or heart disease.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of TIA is often based on the patient's medical history, a physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include a CT scan or MRI of the brain, and carotid ultrasound.

Treatment

Treatment for TIA aims to prevent future strokes. This can include lifestyle changes, medication to prevent blood clots or lower blood pressure, or surgery to open up narrowed blood vessels.

Prognosis

While a TIA does not cause permanent brain damage, it is a serious warning sign of a possible future stroke and should not be ignored.

See also

• Stroke
• Ischemia
• Blood clot
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol
• Heart disease

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