Tumulus

A tumulus (plural: tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, or kurgans. They are a type of burial monument that has been used in various cultures throughout history, serving as a significant archaeological feature that provides insights into ancient burial practices and social structures.

Etymology

The word "tumulus" is derived from the Latin word "tumulus," meaning "mound" or "small hill." The term has been used in English since the 16th century to describe these ancient burial mounds.

History and Distribution

Tumuli have been constructed since prehistoric times and are found in many parts of the world. They are particularly common in Europe, Asia, and North America. The construction of tumuli was a widespread practice among various cultures, including the Bronze Age societies, the Scythians, and the Celts.

In Europe, notable examples include the Neolithic long barrows of Britain, the Bronze Age barrows of the Nordic Bronze Age, and the Iron Age tumuli of the Hallstatt culture. In Asia, the Kurgans of the Eurasian steppes and the Silla tumuli in Korea are prominent examples.

Construction and Structure

A tumulus typically consists of a central burial chamber, which may be constructed of wood, stone, or a combination of materials. This chamber is then covered with earth and stones to form a mound. The size and complexity of tumuli can vary greatly, from small, simple mounds to large, elaborate structures with multiple chambers and rich grave goods.

The construction of a tumulus often involved significant labor and resources, indicating the importance of the individual buried within. The presence of grave goods, such as weapons, jewelry, and pottery, can provide valuable information about the social status and cultural practices of the society.

Cultural Significance

Tumuli served not only as burial sites but also as monuments that marked the landscape and asserted territorial claims. They often held religious or spiritual significance, serving as a connection between the living and the dead. In some cultures, tumuli were used for multiple burials over time, becoming communal burial sites.

Archaeological Importance

The study of tumuli provides archaeologists with important insights into ancient societies. Excavations of tumuli can reveal information about burial practices, social hierarchies, and cultural interactions. The artifacts found within tumuli, such as pottery, tools, and ornaments, help to date the site and understand the technological and artistic achievements of the culture.

Also see

• Barrow (archaeology)
• Kurgan
• Megalith
• Cairn (stone mound)
• Dolmen
• Neolithic
• Bronze Age
• Iron Age