Dolmen

Dolmen

A dolmen is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table). Dolmens are found in various parts of the world and are often associated with the Neolithic and early Bronze Age periods. They are considered to be one of the earliest forms of monumental architecture.

Etymology

The term "dolmen" is derived from the Breton words "taol" (table) and "maen" (stone), reflecting the table-like appearance of these structures. The word was first used in the 19th century by French archaeologists.

Construction

Dolmens were typically constructed using large stones that were quarried and transported to the site. The stones were arranged to form a chamber, which was then covered with earth or smaller stones to create a mound or cairn. The construction of dolmens required significant communal effort and is indicative of the social and religious practices of the communities that built them.

Function and Use

Dolmens are generally considered to be tombs or burial sites. Archaeological excavations have revealed human remains, pottery, and other artifacts within dolmens, suggesting their use as burial chambers. However, the exact purpose and significance of dolmens may have varied across different cultures and regions.

Distribution

Dolmens are found in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. Notable concentrations of dolmens are found in:

• Western Europe: Particularly in Brittany, Ireland, and the British Isles.
• Scandinavia: Known as "dysser" in Denmark and "dösar" in Sweden.
• Korea: Known as "goindol," with a high concentration in the Gyeonggi and Jeolla regions.
• Middle East: Found in countries such as Israel, Jordan, and Syria.

Cultural Significance

Dolmens are often associated with ancient rituals and beliefs. They are thought to have served as markers of territory or as ceremonial sites. The alignment of some dolmens with celestial bodies suggests that they may have had an astronomical or calendrical function.

Preservation and Archaeological Study

Many dolmens have been preserved as important archaeological sites. They provide valuable insights into the social structures, religious beliefs, and technological capabilities of prehistoric communities. Ongoing archaeological research continues to uncover new information about these enigmatic structures.

Also see

• Megalith
• Cromlech
• Menhir
• Tumulus
• Neolithic architecture