Turriviridae

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Turriviridae
Kingdom:	Bamfordvirae
Phylum:	Nucleocytoviricota
Class:	Tectiliviricetes
Order:	Ligamenvirales
Family:	Turriviridae

Turriviridae is a family of archaeal viruses that infect members of the domain Archaea, specifically the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus. This family is characterized by its unique icosahedral capsid structure and its ability to thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents.

Structure

Viruses in the Turriviridae family possess a non-enveloped, icosahedral capsid with a diameter of approximately 74 nm. The capsid is composed of a single major capsid protein that forms a pseudo T=31 lattice. The capsid structure is notable for its turret-like projections at each of the 12 vertices, which are thought to play a role in host recognition and attachment.

Genome

The genome of Turriviridae viruses is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule, approximately 17.6 kilobases in length. The genome encodes for around 36 proteins, including those involved in DNA replication, transcription, and capsid assembly. Notably, the genome lacks genes for tRNA, indicating that the virus relies on the host's translational machinery.

Life Cycle

Turriviridae viruses infect their host cells by attaching to the cell surface via the turret structures. Following attachment, the viral DNA is injected into the host cell, where it is replicated and transcribed using the host's machinery. The assembly of new virions occurs in the cytoplasm, and mature virions are released from the host cell through cell lysis.

Ecology

Members of the Turriviridae family are found in extreme environments, such as acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents, where their host organisms, such as Sulfolobus, thrive. These environments are characterized by high temperatures and low pH, conditions under which most other life forms cannot survive.

Significance

The study of Turriviridae and other archaeal viruses provides insights into the evolution of viruses and their adaptation to extreme environments. Understanding the mechanisms of virus-host interactions in archaea can also shed light on the early evolution of life on Earth and the potential for life in similar extreme environments elsewhere in the universe.

Also see

• Archaeal virus
• Sulfolobus
• Icosahedral virus
• Hyperthermophile
• Virus classification