Type 1

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. Different factors, including genetics and some viruses, may contribute to Type 1 Diabetes. Although Type 1 Diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Type 1 Diabetes is unknown. However, in most people with Type 1 Diabetes, the body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and exposure to viruses and other environmental factors are thought to play a role.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes include:

• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Hunger
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Unintentional weight loss

Diagnosis

Type 1 Diabetes is diagnosed through several blood tests:

• A glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test
• Random blood sugar test
• Fasting blood sugar test
• An autoantibody test
• Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs)

Treatment

There is no cure for Type 1 Diabetes, and treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels with insulin, diet, and lifestyle changes to prevent complications. Treatment includes:

• Taking insulin
• Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
• Frequent blood sugar monitoring
• Eating a healthy, balanced diet
• Regular physical activity

Complications

Type 1 Diabetes can lead to several complications, both short-term and long-term. Short-term complications include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Long-term complications can affect major organs in your body, including heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. Maintaining a close-to-normal blood sugar level can dramatically reduce the risk of many complications.

Prevention

Currently, there is no known way to prevent Type 1 Diabetes. However, ongoing studies are exploring ways to prevent or slow down the disease in those at risk.

Living with Type 1 Diabetes

Living with Type 1 Diabetes can be challenging, but with the right treatment and care, individuals can manage their condition effectively. Education about the disease, support from a healthcare team, and connecting with others living with diabetes can help.

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