Type D personality

Type D personality is a psychological term indicating a personality type that is characterized by a tendency towards increased negative affectivity (e.g., worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (e.g., reticence and a lack of self-assurance). The concept was introduced in the 1990s by Johan Denollet, a Belgian health psychologist. The "D" stands for "distressed."

Characteristics

Individuals with a Type D personality are often subject to experiencing higher levels of stress, pessimism, and non-clinical depression compared to those without this personality type. They are more likely to suppress their emotions and avoid social interactions, which can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and anxiety. This personality construct is not just a temporary state but is considered a stable aspect of an individual's personality.

Health Implications

Research has shown that having a Type D personality can have significant implications for cardiovascular health. Individuals with this personality type are at a higher risk of developing heart disease and have poorer prognoses after cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction. The mechanisms behind these associations are thought to involve both behavioral factors, such as poor health behaviors and lack of social support, and physiological factors, such as increased stress hormones and inflammatory responses.

Assessment

The assessment of Type D personality is typically done using the DS14 scale, which measures two stable traits: negative affectivity and social inhibition. The scale consists of 14 items, with 7 items for each trait. Individuals who score high on both traits are classified as having a Type D personality.

Treatment and Management

While there is no specific treatment for Type D personality, interventions aimed at reducing stress, improving social skills, and increasing emotional expression may be beneficial. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can help individuals understand and modify the patterns of thinking and behavior that contribute to their distress. Encouraging healthy lifestyle changes and fostering supportive social relationships are also important components of managing the health risks associated with Type D personality.

See Also

• Personality psychology
• Stress (psychology)
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy