Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman

Levi coffin

Desperate Conflict in a Barn

UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor

John Brown by Levin Handy, 1890-1910

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The disappointed abolitionists LCCN2008661783

Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century. It was used by African-American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. The term is also applied to the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who aided the fugitives. Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas. Despite its name, the Underground Railroad was not a railroad nor was it underground; it was called "underground" because of its secretive nature and "railroad" because it was an emerging form of transportation.

History

The origins of the Underground Railroad date back to the late 18th century, with the movement gaining significant momentum in the 1830s. It operated until the end of the Civil War in 1865 when slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Underground Railroad was characterized by its use of coded language, with terms such as “passengers,” “cargo,” “stations,” and “conductors” being used to maintain secrecy.

Operation

The operation of the Underground Railroad was complex and relied on the cooperation of many individuals. "Conductors" guided the fugitives from one safe house to the next. "Stations" and "station masters" provided shelter and food for the fugitives. The routes were indirect to confuse pursuers, and the journeys were made on foot, by wagon, and by boat. The most famous conductor, Harriet Tubman, made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.

Impact

The impact of the Underground Railroad was significant, with estimates suggesting that it helped anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 slaves reach freedom. However, it also increased tensions between the North and South, contributing to the onset of the American Civil War. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made the escape to freedom even more perilous, as it required law enforcement officials in free states to assist with the capture of runaways.

Legacy

The legacy of the Underground Railroad is a testament to the courage and determination of those who sought freedom and those who assisted them. It remains a symbol of resistance against oppression and injustice. Today, many sites associated with the Underground Railroad are preserved as historic landmarks, and its stories are a vital part of American history.