Untouchability

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar in a group photograph with the leaders and activists of the 'All India Untouchable Women's Conference' held at Nagpur in 1942

The races of man, figure 126 Group of Paniyan men and children of Malabar (IA deniofmanoutlinraces00rich)

Untouchability is a practice whereby a specific group of people are ostracized and segregated from the mainstream by society based on their birth or caste. This practice is most notably observed in India, where it has a long history and is intertwined with the caste system. Untouchability involves the discrimination against people deemed to be of a lower caste, known as Dalits, who have historically been subjected to severe social and economic disadvantages and human rights abuses.

Origins and History

The origins of untouchability can be traced back to ancient Indian texts that suggest a division of society into various castes. This system became more rigid over time, leading to the emergence of a hierarchy that placed certain groups at the bottom, labelling them as untouchables. Historically, these groups were assigned tasks considered impure or polluting, such as manual scavenging, leatherwork, or the removal of animal carcasses.

Social Impact

The practice of untouchability has had a profound impact on the social fabric of India. It has led to widespread discrimination and exclusion, affecting the lives of millions of people. Untouchables, or Dalits, have faced barriers in education, employment, and access to public services. They have also been the victims of violence and atrocities perpetrated by members of higher castes.

Legal and Constitutional Measures

In an effort to eradicate untouchability, the Indian Constitution abolished the practice and made discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth illegal. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, includes provisions to prohibit untouchability (Article 17) and promote social justice and equality. Additionally, various laws and acts, such as the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, have been enacted to provide legal protection against discrimination and violence.

Contemporary Issues

Despite legal provisions, untouchability persists in various forms across India, particularly in rural areas. Practices such as social boycotts, denial of access to water sources, temples, and public places, and violence against Dalits continue to be reported. The struggle against untouchability has also given rise to various social movements and organizations that aim to fight caste discrimination and promote the rights of Dalits.

International Perspective

The issue of untouchability is not limited to India alone. Similar practices of social exclusion and discrimination based on lineage or occupation can be found in other parts of the world, including certain countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The international community, through organizations like the United Nations, has recognized the need to address caste-based discrimination and promote social inclusion and human rights for all.

Conclusion

Untouchability is a deeply entrenched social issue that requires concerted efforts from the government, civil society, and the international community to fully eradicate. Education, legal reforms, and social awareness campaigns are crucial in challenging the attitudes and practices that perpetuate untouchability and caste discrimination.

Untouchability Resources
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