Urinalysis

Urinalysis

A collage of urinalysis images

Urinalysis is a diagnostic test that involves the examination of urine to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and diabetes. It is one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis.

Components of Urinalysis

Urinalysis typically involves three main components: visual examination, chemical examination, and microscopic examination.

Visual Examination

The visual examination assesses the color and clarity of the urine. Normal urine is typically pale yellow and clear. Abnormal colors can indicate various conditions:

Urine samples of varying color and clarity

• Dark yellow or amber may indicate dehydration.
• Red or pink can suggest the presence of blood.
• Cloudy urine may indicate the presence of pus or bacteria.

Chemical Examination

Chemical examination involves testing the urine with a dipstick to detect substances such as glucose, protein, ketones, and blood.

A urine quick test strip

• Glucose: Presence of glucose may indicate diabetes mellitus.
• Protein: Proteinuria can be a sign of kidney disease.
• Ketones: Ketones in urine, or ketonuria, can occur in diabetes or starvation.

Ketonuria test result

Microscopic Examination

Microscopic examination involves analyzing urine sediment under a microscope to identify cells, crystals, and other substances.

Formed elements of urine

• Cells: Presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells can indicate various conditions.

Microscopy showing pus cells, epithelial cells, RBCs, and bacteria

• Casts: Different types of casts, such as red blood cell casts, white blood cell casts, and granular casts, can indicate kidney disease.

Various types of casts in urine

• Crystals: The presence of crystals can indicate kidney stones or metabolic disorders.

Comparison of urine crystals

• Bacteria: Bacteriuria indicates a urinary tract infection.

Bacteriuria and pyuria in urine microscopy

Clinical Significance

Urinalysis is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions. It is often used in routine health examinations, pre-surgical evaluations, and during pregnancy to monitor for conditions such as preeclampsia.

Related Pages

• Urinary tract infection
• Kidney disease
• Diabetes mellitus
• Urine test

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  Urinalysis

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  Urine samples of varying colour and clarity

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  Urine Quicktest

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  Ketonuria

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  Formed elements of urine

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  Pus cells, Epithelial cells, RBCs and Bacteria in Urine Microscopy

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  RTE cast, muddy granular cast, WBC cast and RBC cast in urine

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  Bacteriuria pyuria