Valsalva maneuver

A breathing technique used to equalize pressure in the ears and chest

Samantha Cristoforetti demonstrating a Valsalva device.

Valsalva maneuver

The Valsalva maneuver is a breathing technique that involves attempting to exhale with the nostrils and mouth, or the glottis, closed. This maneuver is named after Antonio Maria Valsalva, an Italian physician who first described it in the 17th century. It is commonly used to equalize pressure in the middle ear and sinuses, and is also employed in various medical tests and procedures.

A diagram illustrating the Valsalva maneuver.

Mechanism

The Valsalva maneuver involves a forced expiration against a closed airway. This is typically achieved by closing the mouth and pinching the nose shut while attempting to exhale forcefully. The maneuver increases pressure in the thoracic cavity, which can affect the cardiovascular system and autonomic nervous system.

The Valsalva maneuver can be used to equalize ear pressure.

Uses

The Valsalva maneuver is used in several contexts:

• Equalizing ear pressure: It is commonly used by scuba divers, aviators, and individuals experiencing rapid altitude changes to equalize pressure in the middle ear.
• Medical testing: The maneuver is used in cardiology to assess heart function and diagnose certain heart conditions. It can also be used to test the function of the autonomic nervous system.
• Childbirth: The maneuver is sometimes used during the second stage of labor to assist with pushing.

Risks and contraindications

While generally safe, the Valsalva maneuver can have risks, particularly for individuals with certain medical conditions. It can lead to a temporary decrease in venous return to the heart, which may cause a drop in blood pressure and heart rate. People with cardiovascular disease or glaucoma should consult a healthcare professional before performing the maneuver.

History

The maneuver is named after Antonio Maria Valsalva, who described it in his 1704 publication on the anatomy of the human ear. Valsalva originally described the technique as a way to clear pus from the middle ear.

Related pages

• Barotrauma
• Autonomic nervous system
• Cardiovascular system

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  Valsalva maneuver

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  Valsalva maneuver

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  Samantha Cristoforetti demonstrating Valsalva device