Vascular malformation

Vascular Malformation

Port-wine stain on leg

Lymphangioma of the tongue

3D image of a hand showing vascular structures

A vascular malformation is a type of blood vessel abnormality that is present at birth and can affect veins, arteries, capillaries, or lymphatic vessels. These malformations are typically classified based on the type of vessel involved and can vary significantly in their presentation and severity.

Types

Vascular malformations are generally categorized into several types:

• Capillary malformations: These include conditions such as port-wine stains, which are flat, pink, or red marks on the skin caused by dilated capillaries.
• Venous malformations: These are caused by abnormally formed veins and can lead to swelling and pain.
• Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These involve a tangle of abnormal blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, which can disrupt normal blood flow and oxygen circulation.
• Lymphatic malformations: These are caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic system and can result in fluid-filled cysts.

Symptoms

The symptoms of vascular malformations depend on their type and location. Common symptoms include:

• Visible skin discoloration or marks
• Swelling or lumps
• Pain or discomfort
• Bleeding or ulceration in severe cases

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of vascular malformations typically involves a combination of physical examination and imaging studies such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan. These tests help determine the type and extent of the malformation.

Treatment

Treatment options vary based on the type and severity of the malformation. They may include:

• Laser therapy for capillary malformations
• Sclerotherapy to shrink venous malformations
• Surgical removal in certain cases
• Embolization for arteriovenous malformations

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with vascular malformations varies. Some malformations may remain stable or improve over time, while others may require ongoing management to prevent complications.

Related pages

• Hemangioma
• Lymphangioma
• Arteriovenous malformation

References

• Mulliken, J. B., & Young, A. E. (1988). Vascular Birthmarks: Hemangiomas and Malformations. Oxford University Press.
• Enjolras, O., & Mulliken, J. B. (1997). The current management of vascular birthmarks. Pediatric Dermatology, 14(4), 311-333.