Vesicular exanthema of swine virus

Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting swine, characterized by the formation of vesicles and erosions on the skin, particularly affecting the feet, mouth, and snout. First identified in the United States in the 1930s, the disease has since been eradicated from domestic swine populations in many countries, but it remains a concern due to its potential for re-emergence and its similarity to other vesicular diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, Swine vesicular disease, and Vesicular stomatitis.

Etiology

VESV is caused by a virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family. The virus is highly infectious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated feed and water, or via fomites. It has also been shown to be transmissible through aerosols over short distances.

Clinical Signs

The clinical signs of VESV include:

• Fever
• Vesicles (blisters) and erosions on the skin, particularly around the mouth, snout, and feet
• Lameness due to lesions on the feet
• Anorexia
• Decreased growth rates in young pigs

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of VESV is based on clinical signs, epidemiological information, and laboratory tests. Differential diagnosis is crucial as the symptoms of VESV closely resemble those of other vesicular diseases. Laboratory tests include virus isolation, PCR, and serology to detect specific antibodies against the virus.

Prevention and Control

Prevention and control measures for VESV include:

• Strict biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of the virus into swine populations
• Quarantine and culling of infected and exposed animals
• Disinfection of contaminated premises and equipment
• Restrictions on the movement of animals from affected areas

Vaccination is not commonly used as a control measure due to the successful eradication of the disease from many countries and the potential for vaccine-derived strains to complicate diagnosis and surveillance.

Eradication

Efforts to eradicate VESV have been successful in many countries, including the United States, where the disease was declared eradicated in the 1950s. Eradication programs have focused on strict biosecurity, surveillance, and the prompt identification and culling of infected animals.

Public Health Significance

While VESV is primarily a disease of swine, there is no evidence to suggest that it poses a risk to human health. However, the economic impact of an outbreak can be significant due to trade restrictions, loss of productivity, and the costs associated with control and eradication measures.