Viral vector vaccine

Viral vector vaccines are a type of vaccine that use a virus to deliver DNA into cells. The DNA contains genes that encode for proteins from a pathogen. The proteins are then produced in the body, which stimulates an immune response.

Mechanism of action

Viral vector vaccines work by using a virus as a delivery system (the vector) to carry the DNA into cells. The DNA contains genes that encode for proteins from a pathogen. Once inside the cells, the DNA is used as a template to produce the pathogen's proteins. These proteins are then displayed on the surface of the cells, where they are recognized by the immune system. This triggers an immune response, which includes the production of antibodies that can recognize and neutralize the pathogen.

Types of viral vectors

There are several types of viral vectors that can be used in vaccines, including adenoviruses, lentiviruses, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Each type of vector has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of vector depends on the specific requirements of the vaccine.

Adenoviruses

Adenoviruses are a type of virus that can infect a wide range of species and cell types. They are often used as vectors in vaccines because they are able to induce a strong immune response.

Lentiviruses

Lentiviruses are a type of retrovirus that can integrate their genetic material into the host cell's DNA. This makes them a good choice for vaccines that require long-term expression of the pathogen's proteins.

Vesicular stomatitis viruses

Vesicular stomatitis viruses are a type of rhabdovirus that can infect a wide range of species. They are often used as vectors in vaccines because they can induce a strong immune response and can be produced in large quantities.

Applications

Viral vector vaccines have been used in the development of vaccines for a variety of diseases, including HIV, Ebola, and COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccines developed by AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson are examples of viral vector vaccines.

Safety and efficacy

Viral vector vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing disease in clinical trials. However, like all vaccines, they can cause side effects, which are usually mild and temporary.

See also

• Vaccine
• DNA vaccine
• mRNA vaccine