Vomitoxin

Vomitoxin

Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a mycotoxin produced by certain species of fungi, particularly Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. It is commonly found in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, and corn, and can pose significant health risks to humans and animals if consumed in high quantities.

Formation and Occurrence

Vomitoxin is produced by fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus, which are commonly found in agricultural crops. These fungi thrive in warm and humid conditions, making them prevalent in regions with such climates. Vomitoxin contamination typically occurs during the growth and storage of grains, especially when there are favorable conditions for fungal growth, such as high moisture content.

Health Effects

When ingested, vomitoxin can have various adverse effects on human and animal health. It primarily affects the gastrointestinal system, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can also cause abdominal pain and dehydration. Prolonged exposure to vomitoxin has been associated with immune system suppression, reproductive issues, and potential carcinogenic effects.

Regulation and Control

Due to the potential health risks associated with vomitoxin, regulatory bodies around the world have established guidelines and limits for its presence in food and feed. These limits vary depending on the country and the specific food product. Regular monitoring and testing of grains and grain-based products are conducted to ensure compliance with these regulations.

To control vomitoxin contamination, several preventive measures can be implemented. These include proper crop rotation, timely harvesting, and adequate drying and storage conditions. Additionally, the use of fungicides and genetically modified crops resistant to Fusarium infection can help reduce the risk of vomitoxin contamination.

Summary

Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpenoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause fusarium head blight in wheat and gibberella or fusarium ear blight in corn. The incidence of fusarium head blight is strongly associated with moisture at the time of flowering (anthesis), and the timing of rainfall, rather than the amount, is the most critical factor. However, increased amount of moisture towards harvest time has been associated with lower amount of vomitoxin in wheat.

See Also

• Mycotoxin
• Fusarium graminearum
• Food Safety
• Crop Rotation