Zetekitoxin AB

Zetekitoxin AB is a potent neurotoxin produced by the Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). It is one of the most powerful toxins known to science, with a lethal dose for humans estimated to be as low as 2 micrograms. The toxin is used by the frog as a defense mechanism against predators.

Structure and Properties

Zetekitoxin AB is a guanidinium alkaloid, a class of compounds that also includes the well-known toxins tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. It has a complex molecular structure, with three guanidinium groups and a highly oxygenated carbon skeleton. The molecule is highly polar, which allows it to interact with ion channels in nerve cells.

Mechanism of Action

Zetekitoxin AB acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cells. This prevents the propagation of action potentials, effectively paralyzing the affected organism. The toxin is highly selective for certain types of sodium channels, which explains its extreme potency.

Toxicity and Treatment

Zetekitoxin AB is extremely toxic, with a lethal dose for humans estimated to be as low as 2 micrograms. Symptoms of poisoning include paralysis, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. There is currently no known antidote for zetekitoxin AB poisoning, and treatment is primarily supportive.

Ecological Role

The Panamanian golden frog uses zetekitoxin AB as a defense mechanism against predators. The toxin is stored in specialized skin glands and is released when the frog is threatened. This makes the frog virtually inedible to most predators.

See Also

• Atelopus zeteki
• Neurotoxin
• Tetrodotoxin
• Saxitoxin