Zoster immune globulin

Zoster Immune Globulin

Zoster immune globulin (ZIG) is a medical treatment used to provide passive immunity against the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox and herpes zoster (shingles). It is primarily used in individuals who are at high risk of severe complications from VZV infection, such as immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, and newborns.

Mechanism of Action

Zoster immune globulin is derived from the plasma of donors with high levels of antibodies against the varicella-zoster virus. These antibodies are concentrated and administered to patients to provide immediate, short-term protection against the virus. The antibodies work by neutralizing the virus, preventing it from infecting cells and spreading within the body.

Indications

Zoster immune globulin is indicated for use in the following situations:

• Post-exposure prophylaxis: Administered to individuals who have been exposed to VZV and are at high risk of developing severe disease. This includes:

 * Immunocompromised individuals, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or with HIV/AIDS.
 * Pregnant women who have not had chickenpox or the varicella vaccine.
 * Newborns whose mothers develop chickenpox around the time of delivery.

• Prevention of severe varicella: In individuals who cannot receive the varicella vaccine due to contraindications.

Administration

Zoster immune globulin is typically administered via intramuscular injection. The dosage and timing of administration depend on the patient's weight and the time elapsed since exposure to the virus. It is most effective when given within 96 hours of exposure.

Side Effects

Common side effects of zoster immune globulin include:

• Local reactions at the injection site, such as pain, redness, and swelling.
• Systemic reactions, such as fever, headache, and malaise.

Severe allergic reactions are rare but can occur, especially in individuals with a history of allergies to immunoglobulin products.

History

Zoster immune globulin was first developed in the 1970s as a means to protect high-risk individuals from severe varicella infections. It has since become a critical component of post-exposure prophylaxis protocols for VZV.

Also see

• Varicella vaccine
• Herpes zoster
• Immunoglobulin therapy
• Passive immunity