APINACA

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APINACA (also known as AKB48) is a synthetic cannabinoid that has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products. It is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptors, which are part of the endocannabinoid system in the human body.

Chemical Structure and Properties

APINACA belongs to the class of indazole-based synthetic cannabinoids. Its chemical structure is characterized by an indazole core with a 1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide moiety. The molecular formula of APINACA is C23H31N3O2, and its molecular weight is 381.51 g/mol.

Pharmacology

APINACA acts as a potent agonist at the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. These receptors are primarily found in the central nervous system and immune system, respectively. Activation of these receptors by APINACA leads to various physiological and psychoactive effects, similar to those produced by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis.

Effects and Toxicity

The effects of APINACA can include euphoria, relaxation, altered perception, and hallucinations. However, its use has also been associated with adverse effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and paranoia. In some cases, severe toxicity and overdose have been reported, leading to hospitalization and even death.

Legal Status

The legal status of APINACA varies by country. In many jurisdictions, it is classified as a controlled substance due to its potential for abuse and harmful effects. For example, in the United States, APINACA is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act.

Detection in Biological Samples

APINACA and its metabolites can be detected in biological samples such as urine, blood, and hair using various analytical techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These methods are commonly used in forensic toxicology to confirm exposure to the substance.

See Also

• Synthetic cannabinoids
• Cannabinoid receptor
• Endocannabinoid system
• Tetrahydrocannabinol
• Controlled Substances Act