Acepromazine

Acepromazine and metabolites

Acepromazine is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug. It is primarily used in veterinary medicine as a sedative and antiemetic. Its use in humans has been largely replaced by newer antipsychotic agents due to its side effects, including hypotension and the potential for extrapyramidal effects. Acepromazine is one of the most commonly used tranquilizers in veterinary medicine, particularly in dogs and horses.

Pharmacology

Acepromazine works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that affects mood, sensation of pleasure, and pain. By blocking dopamine receptors, acepromazine produces a calming effect and reduces nausea. It also has anticholinergic properties, which contribute to its sedative effects but can cause side effects such as dry mouth, urinary retention, and constipation.

Uses

In veterinary medicine, acepromazine is used for:

• Pre-anesthetic sedation: It helps to calm animals before surgery or other procedures.
• Antiemetic: It is effective in preventing vomiting and nausea in animals.
• Tranquilization: It is used to calm anxious or aggressive animals.

Side Effects

While acepromazine is generally safe when used as directed, it can cause several side effects, including:

• Hypotension (low blood pressure)
• Decreased respiratory rate
• Potential for extrapyramidal effects (involuntary muscle movements)
• Increased seizure potential in susceptible animals

Contraindications

Acepromazine should be used with caution in animals with:

• Liver disease: Since acepromazine is metabolized in the liver, animals with liver disease may have increased risk of toxicity.
• Heart disease: Due to its hypotensive effects, it should be used cautiously in animals with heart conditions.
• Epilepsy: Given its potential to lower the seizure threshold, it should be used with caution in animals with epilepsy.

Dosage and Administration

The dosage of acepromazine varies based on the species, the animal's weight, and the specific condition being treated. It is imperative that a veterinarian determines the appropriate dose for each individual animal. Acepromazine can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The onset of action and duration of effect can vary depending on the route of administration and the dose given.

Legal Status

The legal status of acepromazine varies by country. In many jurisdictions, it is classified as a prescription drug and can only be administered by or under the direction of a veterinarian.

Conclusion

Acepromazine is a valuable drug in veterinary medicine for its sedative and antiemetic properties. However, its use must be carefully considered by a veterinarian due to its potential side effects and contraindications. When used appropriately, it can greatly aid in the management of anxiety, nausea, and agitation in animals.