Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (AHC) is a highly contagious, acute eye infection caused by Enterovirus 70 and Coxsackievirus A24. It is characterized by sudden onset of pain, swelling, and redness in the eyes, along with tearing, bleeding, and a clear or slightly yellowish discharge.

Etiology

AHC is primarily caused by two types of enteroviruses: Enterovirus 70 and Coxsackievirus A24. These viruses are part of the Picornaviridae family, which are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are highly resistant to environmental conditions and can survive on surfaces for extended periods, facilitating their spread.

Epidemiology

AHC is a global disease, with outbreaks reported in many parts of the world. It is particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, where conditions favor the survival and transmission of the causative viruses. The disease is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in crowded settings, such as schools, hospitals, and public transportation.

Clinical Features

The main symptoms of AHC are sudden onset of pain, swelling, and redness in the eyes. This is often accompanied by tearing, bleeding, and a clear or slightly yellowish discharge. In severe cases, the condition can lead to corneal ulcers and vision loss.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of AHC is primarily based on clinical features. Laboratory tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation, can be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the causative virus.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for AHC. Management is primarily supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. This may include the use of artificial tears, cold compresses, and analgesics.

Prevention

Prevention of AHC involves good personal hygiene, such as regular hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. In outbreak situations, public health measures such as school closures and mass vaccination campaigns may be implemented.