Allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane covering the white part of the eyes and the inner side of the eyelids, due to an allergic reaction. It is a common condition that affects individuals of all ages and is often associated with other allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Pathophysiology

Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. This overreaction leads to the release of histamines and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells in the conjunctiva, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, and swelling.

Types

There are several types of allergic conjunctivitis, including:

• Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis (SAC): This is the most common form and is typically associated with hay fever. It occurs during specific pollen seasons.
• Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis (PAC): This type occurs year-round and is usually triggered by indoor allergens such as dust mites and pet dander.
• Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): A more severe form that primarily affects young males and can lead to corneal damage.
• Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis (AKC): A chronic condition associated with atopic dermatitis and can lead to vision impairment if untreated.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis include:

• Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid
• Itching or burning sensation
• Tearing or watery eyes
• Swollen eyelids
• Sensitivity to light

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis is primarily clinical, based on the patient's history and symptoms. An ophthalmologist or optometrist may perform a slit-lamp examination to rule out other causes of conjunctivitis. In some cases, allergy testing may be conducted to identify specific allergens.

Treatment

Treatment for allergic conjunctivitis focuses on relieving symptoms and avoiding allergens. Options include:

• Avoidance: Identifying and avoiding exposure to allergens.
• Cold Compresses: Applying cold compresses to the eyes to reduce swelling and itching.
• Medications:

 * Antihistamines: Oral or topical antihistamines can help reduce itching and redness.
 * Mast Cell Stabilizers: These prevent the release of histamines and are used for long-term control.
 * Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Topical NSAIDs can reduce inflammation.
 * Corticosteroids: Used for severe cases, but only under medical supervision due to potential side effects.

Prognosis

The prognosis for allergic conjunctivitis is generally good, especially with proper management and avoidance of allergens. However, chronic forms like VKC and AKC require ongoing treatment to prevent complications such as corneal damage.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons.
• Using air conditioning to filter indoor air.
• Regular cleaning to reduce dust mites and pet dander.
• Wearing sunglasses outdoors to protect eyes from allergens.

See Also

• Conjunctivitis
• Allergy
• Ophthalmology

External Links

• [American Academy of Ophthalmology](https://www.aao.org)
• [Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America](https://www.aafa.org)