Lung cancer

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Lung cancer
Synonyms	Bronchogenic carcinoma
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, shortness of breath, chest pain
Complications	Metastasis, pleural effusion, superior vena cava syndrome
Onset	Typically in older adults
Duration	Long term
Types	Non-small-cell lung carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma
Causes	Smoking, radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, genetic factors
Risks	Tobacco smoking, secondhand smoke, family history of lung cancer
Diagnosis	Medical imaging, biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung abscess
Prevention	Smoking cessation, air quality control
Treatment	Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally poor, varies by stage and type
Frequency	2.1 million new cases (2020)
Deaths	1.8 million (2020)

Lung cancer

Lung cancer

Lung cancer

Lung cancer

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and is often caused by smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke. However, lung cancer can also occur in people who have never smoked and in those who have never had prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke.

Causes

The primary cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoke, due to the carcinogens present in the smoke. Other causes include exposure to radon gas, asbestos, certain metals, some organic chemicals, radiation, air pollution, and diesel exhaust. There is also a genetic factor, as the likelihood of developing lung cancer can run in families.

Types

There are two main types of lung cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and Small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all cases. SCLC makes up about 10-15% of all cases and is a more aggressive type of cancer.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of lung cancer include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, persistent chest pain, hoarseness, weight loss, shortness of breath, fatigue, and recurrent respiratory infections.

Diagnosis

Lung cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, lab tests, and biopsies. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays and CT scans can reveal abnormal masses or nodules, while lab tests can analyze sputum (spit) or cells from a suspected area to look for cancer cells.

Treatment

Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these. The choice of treatment depends on the type of lung cancer, the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences.

Prevention

The most effective way to prevent lung cancer is to avoid tobacco smoke. Other preventive measures include testing for radon in the home and taking measures to reduce exposure if levels are high, avoiding exposure to known carcinogens at work, and eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.