Non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, making up about 85% of all cases. NSCLC has several subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, which are classified based on the type of cells found in the tumor. Understanding the specific subtype is crucial for determining the most effective treatment approach.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of NSCLC, like other forms of lung cancer, is tobacco smoking. However, non-smokers can also develop NSCLC, often due to exposure to radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, or genetic factors. The risk of developing NSCLC increases with age, with most diagnoses occurring in people aged 65 or older.

Symptoms

Symptoms of NSCLC may include persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Many people with early-stage NSCLC, however, do not show any symptoms, which makes early detection challenging.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of NSCLC typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays and CT scans, and biopsy procedures to examine tissue samples under a microscope. Molecular testing may also be performed to identify specific genetic mutations in the cancer cells, which can influence treatment decisions.

Treatment

Treatment options for NSCLC depend on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and the specific characteristics of the cancer. Common treatments include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in recent years has significantly improved the prognosis for some patients with NSCLC.

Prognosis

The prognosis for NSCLC varies widely depending on the cancer's stage at diagnosis and the patient's overall health. Early-stage NSCLC has a better prognosis and may be curable with surgery. Advanced NSCLC, however, is often not curable, and treatment focuses on prolonging life and improving the quality of life.

Prevention

Prevention of NSCLC involves reducing exposure to known risk factors, primarily by not smoking or quitting smoking. Avoiding secondhand smoke, testing homes for radon, reducing exposure to carcinogens at work, and following a healthy lifestyle can also help lower the risk of developing NSCLC.