Pleural effusion
A pleural effusion refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall that is lined by the pleura. This condition can result from a variety of diseases and often leads to significant discomfort and difficulty breathing due to the compression of the lungs.[1]
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Causes and Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Pleural effusions can result from various conditions that disrupt the balance of fluid production and absorption in the pleural space. Common causes include heart failure, pneumonia, malignancies, pulmonary embolism, and kidney or liver disease.
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In these conditions, either the production of pleural fluid is increased (as in inflammation or infection) or the absorption of this fluid is compromised (as in heart failure or kidney disease). The result is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can compress the lung and limit its expansion.[2]
Symptoms and Signs[edit | edit source]
Patients with a pleural effusion may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. On physical examination, findings may include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased movement of the chest on the affected side.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
The diagnosis of a pleural effusion often starts with imaging studies, such as a chest X-ray or ultrasound. If necessary, a sample of the pleural fluid can be obtained through a procedure known as thoracentesis for further analysis, which can help determine the underlying cause.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment of a pleural effusion focuses on addressing the underlying cause and relieving symptoms. This may involve medications, therapeutic thoracentesis to remove the fluid, or procedures such as a pleurodesis or placement of a pleural catheter for recurrent effusions.[1]
Summary[edit | edit source]
Pleural effusion is a common medical condition that can result from a variety of diseases and often leads to significant discomfort and difficulty breathing. Prompt diagnosis and management are essential to improve patient outcomes.
See Also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
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