Non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. It is a heterogeneous group of carcinomas that primarily include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

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Epidemiology

NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is more common in men and in individuals over the age of 65. The incidence of NSCLC is strongly correlated with smoking, although it also occurs in non-smokers, particularly women and people who have never smoked.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of NSCLC is complex and involves multiple genetic and epigenetic changes. These changes lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, resulting in the formation of a tumor. The most common genetic alterations in NSCLC include mutations in the KRAS, EGFR, and ALK genes.

Clinical Features

The clinical features of NSCLC can vary widely and depend on the location and extent of the tumor. Common symptoms include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. In advanced stages, NSCLC can spread to other parts of the body, leading to additional symptoms such as bone pain and neurological symptoms.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of NSCLC typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), and tissue biopsy. Molecular testing is also often performed to identify specific genetic alterations that may guide treatment decisions.

Treatment

The treatment of NSCLC depends on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and the presence of specific genetic alterations. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. In recent years, targeted therapies and immunotherapies have significantly improved the prognosis for patients with certain types of NSCLC.

Prognosis

The prognosis of NSCLC is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. However, survival rates can vary widely depending on the stage of the disease at diagnosis and the presence of specific genetic alterations.