Ageism

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Robert N. Butler 2004

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Robert N. Butler 2004

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Jimmy Carter participates in a bill signing ceremony - NARA - 178763.

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Barbara Robb c.1941

Ageism (also spelled "age discrimination") is the stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination against people on the basis of their age. Ageism can be casual or systematic and can affect people of all ages, but it is particularly documented in the treatment of the elderly and young people. The term was coined in 1969 by Robert N. Butler, a physician and gerontologist, to describe discrimination against seniors, and patterned on sexism and racism. Ageism can manifest in various aspects of life, including employment, healthcare, media representation, and within families.

Causes and Manifestations

Ageism arises from a complex interplay of psychological, social, and economic factors. Stereotypes about age, whether about "incompetent" older adults or "irresponsible" youth, are a fundamental aspect of ageism. These stereotypes are often internalized and can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, where individuals begin to act in ways that reflect societal expectations about their age group.

In the workplace, ageism primarily affects older employees who may face discrimination in hiring practices, training opportunities, and promotions. Younger workers can also experience ageism, often being perceived as less reliable or experienced. In healthcare, older adults may receive less aggressive treatment or be excluded from clinical trials based on their age alone. Ageism in the media is evident in the underrepresentation of older individuals in advertising and entertainment, or in roles that reinforce stereotypes.

Legislation and Anti-ageism Efforts

Several countries have enacted laws to combat ageism. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in the United States, for example, prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or older. Similarly, the Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom protects individuals from discrimination based on age, among other factors.

Efforts to combat ageism also include educational programs aimed at dispelling myths about aging and promoting intergenerational activities that foster understanding and respect among different age groups. Organizations such as the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons) work to address issues related to ageism and advocate for the rights and well-being of older adults.

Impact of Ageism

The effects of ageism are not only harmful to individuals but also have broader social and economic consequences. Age discrimination in employment can lead to higher rates of unemployment and underemployment among older adults, contributing to economic insecurity and reduced quality of life. Ageism can also have significant health implications, as it may lead to stress, decreased self-esteem, and even reduced lifespan. Furthermore, societal attitudes towards aging can influence policy decisions and resource allocation, often to the detriment of older adults.

Combating Ageism

Combating ageism requires a multifaceted approach that includes legal measures, public education, and changes in societal attitudes. Promoting positive images of aging, increasing awareness of the contributions of older adults, and fostering intergenerational connections are key strategies in fighting ageism. Additionally, policies that support aging in place, access to quality healthcare, and opportunities for continued engagement in work and community life can help to counteract the negative effects of ageism.