Amyl nitrite

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  Chemical structure of Amyl nitrite

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  3D molecular model of Amyl nitrite

• An early container of Amyl Nitrite, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow

Amyl Nitrite

Amyl nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula C₅H₁₁NO₂. It is a volatile liquid that is used medically as a vasodilator and has a history of recreational use due to its psychoactive effects. Amyl nitrite belongs to the class of compounds known as alkyl nitrites.

Chemical Properties

Amyl nitrite is an ester of nitrous acid and amyl alcohol. It is a clear, yellowish liquid with a distinctive fruity odor. The compound is highly volatile and flammable, and it decomposes in the presence of light and air. Its chemical structure consists of a nitrite group (NO₂) attached to an amyl group, which is a five-carbon alkyl chain.

Medical Uses

Amyl nitrite is primarily used in medicine as a vasodilator. It is administered by inhalation and acts rapidly to relax smooth muscles, particularly in the blood vessels. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. It is used in the treatment of angina pectoris, a condition characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart. By dilating the coronary arteries, amyl nitrite improves blood flow and oxygen delivery to the heart muscle.

Mechanism of Action

The primary mechanism of action of amyl nitrite is the release of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator. When inhaled, amyl nitrite is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and converted to nitric oxide. Nitric oxide then activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which increases the levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in smooth muscle cells. Elevated cGMP levels lead to relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation.

Recreational Use

Amyl nitrite is also known for its recreational use, often referred to as "poppers." It is inhaled for its euphoric and muscle-relaxing effects. The compound causes a rapid onset of effects, including a sensation of warmth, lightheadedness, and a decrease in inhibitions. Due to its vasodilatory effects, it can also enhance sexual experiences. However, recreational use of amyl nitrite carries risks, including potential cardiovascular effects and interactions with other substances.

Safety and Side Effects

The use of amyl nitrite can lead to several side effects, including headache, dizziness, and flushing. In some cases, it can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure, leading to fainting or even shock. Chronic use or abuse of amyl nitrite can result in methemoglobinemia, a condition where hemoglobin is unable to effectively release oxygen to body tissues. It is important to use amyl nitrite under medical supervision and to be aware of its potential interactions with other medications, particularly phosphodiesterase inhibitors like sildenafil.

Related Pages

• Vasodilator
• Nitric oxide
• Angina pectoris
• Methemoglobinemia
• Recreational drug use

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